Aquaculture Technology Center

Antibiotics Antibiotics are microorganisms that can inhibit harmful microorganisms in the body, such as in infections. According to Hakam (2016), based on antibiotic activity, antibiotics are divided into 2 groups: broad-spectrum antibiotics and narrow-spectrum antibiotics.   1. Broad-spectrum antibiotics   This type of antibiotic can kill both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This antibiotic can broadly kill bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Examples include chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and ampicillin.   2. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics   This type of antibiotic is only active against several types of bacteria. Examples include neomycin, penicillin, and streptomycin. Antibacterials Antibacterials are substances that can inhibit bacterial growth and can kill pathogenic bacteria by disrupting metabolism or damaging the cell wall of pathogenic bacteria. Antibacterials are distinguished into 2 types: bacteriostatic and bactericidal, which can...

Actinomycetes are microorganisms native to the sea and can be found on the surface of seawater, the seabed, in sediments, coral reefs, and in soil. Actinomycetes are prokaryotic, like bacteria, but possess mycelium and are classified as microbes with the potential to produce secondary metabolites. Actinomycetes form symbiotic relationships with sponges on the outside of the body (extracellular exosymbiosis), inside the sponge (extracellular endosymbiosis), in the cytoplasm (intracellular symbiosis), and in the cell nucleus (intranuclear symbiosis). Actinomycetes are capable of producing bioactive compounds from antibiotics (70%), fungi (20%), and bacteria (10%). This type of microbe has been widely used in the pharmaceutical, animal feed, fisheries, and other industries. Commercial products that utilize actinomycete secondary metabolites include tetracycline, erythromycin, vancomycin, and streptomycin. Actinomycetes are a group of Actinobacteria found in soil. These bacteria cause the ...

Rhizophora mucronata is a type of mangrove that can grow up to 27 m tall. This mangrove generally has a trunk diameter of 70 cm, a dark trunk color tending toward black with horizontal fissures. R. mucronata is classified as a mangrove that has stilt roots, where aerial roots grow from the lower branches. Mangrove roots have adaptive forms to survive by producing roots that emerge from the soil for air intake. The trunk color of R. mucronata is dark, tending toward blackish. The trunk height can reach 27 m, standing upright, not twining and not grooved. This mangrove trunk grows in the outermost zone with the help of its stilt roots to withstand sea waves. The leaves of this mangrove are broadly elliptic to elongate toward the seed base, with leaf vein tips tapering, measuring 11-23 x 6-13 cm. This mangrove leaf arrangement is single and opposite. The petiole is on the lower side of the midrib with the seed lobe tip resembling a green stalk with a length of 3-4.5 cm. The leaves are bri...

Indonesia's tropical region geographically covers areas located between the Northern Tropic and 23°27’ South Latitude. The tropics are regions located between the 18°C isotherm of the coldest month. Overall, the tropics cover 30% of the Earth's surface. Tropical forests are forests located in tropical regions. Tropical rainforests are one of the oldest forest vegetation types that have covered much of the land. Tropical rainforest ecosystems exist in areas with climate types A and B (according to the Schmidt and Ferguson climate classification), or it can be said that this ecosystem type is found in areas that are always wet, in areas with Podsol, Latosol, Alluvial, and Regosol soil types with good drainage, and located far from the coast. Tropical rainforest stands are dominated by evergreen trees. The diversity of plant and animal species in tropical rainforests is very high. The number of tree species found in tropical rainforests is greater than that found in other ecosyste...

Escherichia coli is a pathogenic bacterium that lives in the intestines of humans and animals and plays a role in maintaining a healthy digestive system. This bacterium is also found in water and food, as are non-pathogenic strains of E. coli. Pathogenic strains, such as enterotoxigenic E. coli (EPEC), produce shiga toxin, which is an indicator of water pollution and invades the epithelial cells of the small intestine. The presence of E. coli in aquatic environments indicates contamination by waste or animal feces carried in the water.Escherichia coli is a type of bacteria belonging to the coliform family that normally lives in human and animal feces, therefore it is also called fecal coliform. E. coli is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium. E. coli is commonly found in water as a source of microbial pollution. This bacterium forms rods in chains with a length of approximately 2 micrometers and a diameter of 0.5 micrometers. This bacterium has Bacillus forms includ...

Indonesia has rich marine biodiversity and potential for development. Abundant marine resources are not only a food source but can also be developed into medicinal ingredients. Marine invertebrates are the marine organisms that produce the largest number of bioactive compounds compared to marine vertebrates. This is because marine invertebrates have more limited physical movement than marine vertebrates, resulting in a greater response to bioactive compound production. Marine invertebrates with biological activity include sponges, ascidians, mollusks, and bryozoans. In the past decade, the world's attention in medicine has begun to turn to marine organisms as a potential source of these compounds. The need for new antibiotics is high, especially those that are effective in inhibiting resistant pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, information about active antibacterial compounds in the health sector is crucial in combating diseases caused by bacteria. Infectious diseases are diseases cau...